Nā Hana Uila Polymers Mahele 2

Ma ke kahua uila, ʻo kekahi o nā mea koʻikoʻi no nā uea uila a me nā kaula he insulating a me nā mea hoʻopaʻa lole.No nā makahiki he nui, ʻo ka mea hoʻokalakupua mua loa no nā uwea mana he pepa aila-impregnated ma muli o kāna mau waiwai uila.Loaʻa iā ia ka hiki ke kū i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka wela wela me ka ʻole o ka hōʻino nui ʻana.Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o kona ʻano hygroscopic, ua ʻino ʻia ka ʻūhā metala.No laila, ua lōʻihi ka manaʻo no kahi mea hoʻolale uila uila, i hui pū ʻia me ke ʻano non-hygroscopic o nā mea thermoplastic.

ʻO ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā polymers crosslinked hiki ke hana ʻia e nā ʻano hana ʻelua.ʻO kekahi ke ʻano kemika a ʻo kekahi ke ʻano ionizing.ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻike ʻana o kēia hopena o ka hoʻopili ʻana ma mua o 150 mau makahiki, ua hōʻike ʻia ka hopena crosslinking o ka radiation ionizing no ka manawa mua e Charlesby.ʻO ke ʻano o ka radiation crosslinking ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no nā uea liʻiliʻi a me ka thinwall a no laila ua hana ʻia nā uea i hoʻohana ʻia no ka uila a me nā lako uila e ka radiation crosslinking method.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke ala ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ikehu a pono i kahi wahi liʻiliʻi.Hiki ke ho'omalu 'ia ke ka'ina hana radiation a loa'a iā ia ka hiki ke mālama i ka ikehu a me ka ho'omalu 'ia o ka pollution.Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī o ka radiation crosslinking penei: (1) Hiki ke mālama ʻia ka wikiwiki o ka laina hana.Hiki ke uhi ʻia ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe (extrusion), no ka mea, ʻaʻohe koi o ka mea hana crosslinking.Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea hoʻokele me ka mana kiʻekiʻe a me ka ikaika haʻahaʻa, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka wikiwiki.(2) He maikaʻi loa ka hoʻohui like ʻana.Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka hui crosslinking ma ke koho ʻana i ka mīkini kūpono a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka hoʻolālā maikaʻi loa no ka hānai uea.(3) Hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole o nā polymers, ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hoʻopili ʻana ma ke kaʻina hana crosslinking radiation.Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kaʻina hana hoʻōla radiation ma mua o ke kaʻina hana hoʻōla mahu.Ma ke kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻamaʻa mahu, ʻo ka wai e komo ana i loko o ka papa polymer ma lalo o ke kaomi mahu kiʻekiʻe e hana i ka helu o nā 'microvoids', hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka lāʻau i ka wā e lawelawe ai ke kaula.ʻOiai paʻakikī loa ka hanana, hiki i nā kumulāʻau ke ulu a hoʻemi i ka ikaika dielectric o nā kaula.Ma waho aʻe o kēia, ʻo ke kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻamaʻa mahu he mau hemahema mai ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu: (a) pono ke kaomi mahu kiʻekiʻe no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi wela kiʻekiʻe;(b) haʻahaʻa ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻoheheʻe wela mai waho mai o ke kaula a (c) ka nui o ka ikehu e hoʻopau ʻia e ka mea hoʻokele uwea, ʻo ia ka hopena o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a he manawa lōʻihi hoʻi no ka hoʻopili ʻana.ʻO ka hoʻōla ʻana i ka radiation he moho no nā kaʻina maloʻo.Eia naʻe, loaʻa iā ia ka pilikia ʻo ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā electrons i hoʻōki a/a i hana ʻia i loko o ka papa insulation ma o ke kahawai hoʻomālamalama e hoʻoulu pū i ka haki ʻana i nā ʻāpana lāʻau i ka wā a ma hope o ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana.He ʻokoʻa loa ia mai ka 'kaʻina wai-noa'.E like me ka polymer cable i loko o ka wai kiʻekiʻe a me nā lua nui, pono ke kaʻina hana hoʻōla.Ma waho aʻe o nā pōmaikaʻi i luna, hiki ke hoʻokomo maʻalahi i nā mea semiconductor i ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe radiation ʻaʻole maʻalahi i ke kaʻina hana hoʻōla mahu no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki i ka hapa nui o nā mea ke kū i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wela a me ke kaomi.

Hāʻawi pū ka ʻenehana grafting radiation i ka conductivity i ka matrix.ʻO kēia ke ala kūʻokoʻa o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka hoʻokele matrix i ka insulating.Hoʻopili kēia ʻenehana i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka polymer iwi kuamoʻo me kahi monomer kūpono ma ke kālai ʻana a me ka waiho ʻana o ka polymer conducting ma luna o ka ʻili ikaika o ka iwi kuamoʻo.Ma waho aʻe o ka hana insulating, hiki i ka polymer ke hana e like me ke alakaʻi ʻana i kekahi.ʻOiai ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia, hiki iā ia ke hōʻike i nā noi he nui e like me ka pale EMI, ke alakaʻi ʻana i nā uhi a me nā mea antistatic.Bhattacharya etal.ua hoʻomākaukau i ka polymer composites–FEP-g-(AA)–PPY a me polymer–FEP-g-(sty)–PPY.ʻO ka mua, ua hoʻomālamalama ʻia ka polymer-FEP ma ke ʻano he kumu Co-60 a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni i loko o ka pākēneka o nā monomer.A laila waiho ʻia ʻo PPy ma luna o ka ʻili i kālai ʻia e ka polymerisation oxidative o pyrrole me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ferric chloride ma ke ʻano he oxidant.Ho'emi 'ia ke kū'ē o ka ili a he 104–105ohm/cm2.ʻO ke kū ʻana o ka ʻili e pili ana i ka pākēneka o ka grafting o nā monomers.Ke hoʻohana nei i kēia ʻenehana, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka conductivity surface ma mua o ka conductivity bulk.Hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia ke ʻano hana paʻi kiʻi ma o ka ʻenehana grafting.ʻO ka cellulose acetate-g-(N-vinyl carbazole) a me ka cellulose acetate-g-(N-vinyl carbazole-methyl methacylate) nā laʻana o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni kiʻi.

I ka ʻoihana uila uila, ka nui o ka polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), hoʻohana ʻia nā lāʻau EPDM.Hoʻohana ʻia ka polyethylene ma muli o kāna mau waiwai uila maikaʻi loa a me kona lōʻihi lōʻihi.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka polyethylene haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka polyethylene kiʻekiʻe ma muli o nā kumu he nui. Penei nā kumu: (a) ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi;(b) ʻoi aku ka ikaika dielectric ma mua o ka polyethylene kiʻekiʻe;(c) lōʻihi ke ola ma mua o HDPE;(d) li'ili'i ka pa'akikī o ka hana ma mua o HDPE a (e) li'ili'i ka pilikia o ka ho'okomo 'ana i nā puka i loko o ka insulation o LDPE, ka mea e ho'oulu ai i ka ionization.ʻOiai ʻo ia mau pono āpau, loaʻa iā LDPE kona mau palena ponoʻī ma ke ʻano he mea insulation cable.ʻOiai he polymer thermoplastic, he wela kona ma kahi o 105–115⬚C a loaʻa iā ia ke ʻano o ka pohā o ke koʻikoʻi i ka wā e pili ana me kekahi mau mea hoʻoikaika kino.ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā molekala polyethylene e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka wela a me nā pono kino aʻo kona mau waiwai uila ka nui ʻole.ʻO ka polyethylene crosslinked, no laila, ʻaʻole ia he polymer thermoplastic.Hoʻopalupalu ʻo ia ma ka helu hoʻoheheʻe crystalline o ka polyethylene a ke manaʻo nei i kahi elastic, like me ka rubber-like, kahi waiwai i mālama ʻia i ka wā e piʻi hou ai ka mahana, a hiki i ka lilo ʻana i carbonised me ka heheʻe ʻole ma 300⬚C.Loaʻa ka manaʻo o ka stress-cracking a me ke kū'ē maikaʻi loa i ka ʻelemakule i ka ea wela.Ua makemake nui ʻia nā kaula polyethylene crosslinked ma muli o kāna mau waiwai uila a me ke kino.Hiki iā ia ke lawe i nā au nui, kū i ka radius liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a māmā i ke kaumaha, e ʻae ai i ka hoʻonohonoho maʻalahi a hilinaʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole ia mai nā palena kiʻekiʻe no ka mea ʻaʻole i komo i kekahi aila a no laila ua kaʻawale mai nā hemahema ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana o ka aila. uwea kahua.ʻAʻole nō hoʻi e koi maʻamau i kahi pahu metala. No laila, ʻaʻole ia mai nā hemahema ʻokoʻa i nā kaula i hoʻopaʻa ʻia metala, ʻino a me ka luhi.I kēia mau lā, hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka radiation i ka polyethylene wale nō akā i nā polymers ʻē aʻe e like me ka polyvinyl chloride, polyisobutylene etc.Ua hoʻomaka ka loaʻa ʻana o ka waiwai kalepa ma hope o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ala kūpono o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana.Me ke kōkua o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea hana (stabiliser, plasticisers, fillers a me nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe), hiki ke hana ʻia ka PVC e hōʻike i kahi ākea ākea o nā waiwai, mai ka paʻa loa a hiki i ka maʻalahi loa.ʻO ka ʻokoʻa o kāna noi a me kāna kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa ke kuleana no kona koʻikoʻi i ka mākeke honua.

No ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono o ka hoʻopili ʻana, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia nā polymers i ko lākou ʻano maʻemaʻe.ʻO nā plasticisers, nā antioxidants, nā mea hoʻopiha i kā lākou kuleana i ko lākou ala ponoʻī e hāʻawi i nā waiwai e pono ai.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka wā o ke kaʻina crosslinking.Hoʻohui ʻia nā plasticisers i nā polymers e hōʻemi i ka brittleness o ka huahana polymer.Hoʻopili lākou i ka crosslinking i nā manawa a lākou e komo ai i ka hana o nā freeradicals a i ʻole ke komo ʻana i nā hopena hoʻolaha.ʻO Dibutyl phthalate, tritolyl phosphate a me diallyl phosphate nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ka plasticiser i PVC.Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka hoʻololi a me ka elasticity, ka mea nui i ka insulation uila, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā plasticisers i PVC.ʻOiaʻiʻo, inā ʻo PVC, he polar ma muli o ke ʻano kaulike ʻole, e hoʻāla ai i nā mea paʻa intermolecular ikaika, kahi e hui pū ai me nā kaulahao macromolecular paʻa, e hui pū ʻia.ʻO nā antioxidants kekahi pūʻulu o nā mea hoʻohui, pono ia no nā hui crosslinked i hoʻolālā ʻia no ke kumu kūpono o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke kūpaʻa thermooxidative kiʻekiʻe ma kahi hana polymer.ʻO ka mea maʻamau, pili lākou i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā radical, hiki ke hana i nā loulou cross.ʻO RC (4,4-thio-bis(6-tert-butyl-3-methyl phenol), MB(Mercapto benzoimidazole) nā laʻana o nā antioxidants i hoʻohana ʻia e Ueno et al. Ma waho o nā plasticisers a me nā antioxidants, pono nā kala, No ka mea, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā mea hoʻokaʻawale uea no nā mea hana. ʻO nā kala no ka plastics he mau ʻano mea like ʻole a me nā mea ola. Ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hua o nā radical i ka polyethylene e 50%, ke hoʻohui ʻia kahi mea liʻiliʻi (0.05%) o ka aerosil. polyethylene, kahi e hiki ai i na macromolecules i ke kulana kaulike ole o na koina i uku ole ia. Me ka nui o ka mea hoopiha, hiki ke hoololi i ka ikehu mai ka mea hoopiha i ka mahele polymer a pela e kokua ai i ka hua o na freeradicals.Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o ka irradiation me ka hoʻohui ʻana i hiki ke hoʻopili i ka localization o nā crosslinks ma nā kaulahao polymer.

I ka pōkole, hana nui ka radiation i ka hana polymer i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke kahua uila. 'O ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka radiation' ka mea e hiki ai ke hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai o nā polymers.ʻO ia ke ala ʻoi loa e like me ka 'vulcanization' i kekahi mau palena.Hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopili ʻana ma ke koho ʻana i nā monomer kūpono.Ma ke kaʻina hana hoʻopili radiation, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā plasticisers, fillers a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke ahi i ke kaʻina hana hoʻopili radiation.He mea maikaʻi loa ke ʻano radiationcrosslinking i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā mea semiconductor.Ma waho aʻe o kēia mau mea, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻenehana grafting radiation no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni i hui pū ʻia a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni me ke ʻano hoʻokele kiʻi.