ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka Polymer Mahele 1

Ua hoʻohana ke kanaka i nā mea polymeric kūlohelohe e like me ka lāʻau, ka ʻili a me ka huluhulu mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mōʻaukala, akā hiki i nā polymers synthetic ke hiki wale ma hope o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻenehana ʻenehana i ka makahiki 1800.Ua haku ʻia e John Wesley Hyatt i ka makahiki 1869, mai ka cellulose nitrate a me ka camphor ka Ž mua synthetic polymer material, celluloid.ʻO kahi holomua nui o nā polymers synthetic ka mea i hana ʻia e Leo Hendrik Baekeland i ka makahiki 1907. ʻO ka hana a Hermann Staudinger i nā makahiki 1920 ua hōʻike maopopo i ke ʻano macromolecular o nā kaulahao lōʻihi o nā ʻāpana hana hou. ʻāpana'.ʻO ka ulu wikiwiki o ka ʻoihana polymer i hoʻomaka koke ma mua o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua, me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā polymers acrylic, polystyrene, nylon, polyurethanes a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana o polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene a me nā polymers ʻē aʻe i nā makahiki 1940 a me 1950.ʻOiai ma kahi o 1 miliona tons wale nō i hana ʻia i ka makahiki 1945, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana ʻana o nā plastics i ka nui ma mua o ke kila i ka makahiki 1981, a ke ulu mau nei ka hakahaka mai ia manawa mai.

ʻAʻole hana ʻia nā polymers maʻemaʻe ma o lākou iho.Hoʻohui ʻia lākou me nā mea ʻē aʻe, maʻamau ma ka hui ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka mokuʻāina e hana i nā pellets, pauda a akes paha e hoʻohana ʻia i nā hana hoʻoponopono hope.Hiki i nā pūhui ke komo i nā Ž llers (e hoʻemi i ke kumukūʻai), nā mea hoʻoikaika, nā polymers ʻē aʻe, nā kala, ame retardants, stabilizers (e pale i ka pōʻino mai ka mālamalama, ka wela a i ʻole nā ​​mea kaiapuni ʻē aʻe) a me nā mea kōkua hana like ʻole.

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā polymers synthetic i ʻelua ʻāpana.Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā Thermoplastics (ma ka nui loa) ma ka hoʻomehana ʻana, hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka hoʻolili ʻana a hoʻoheheʻe pinepine ʻia.ʻO nā ʻano nui he polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) a me ka polyamide (PA, nylon).Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā thermoset e ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wela a me ke kaomi, ma muli o ka hoʻopili ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hana ʻana i nā ʻupena ʻekolu manaʻo mau.ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻonāwaliwali ʻia e ka hoʻomehana ʻana no ka hana hou ʻana.ʻO ka Bakelite, nā epoxies a me ka hapa nui o nā polyurethanes he thermosets.

Hoʻopili wale ʻia ka ʻike i kēia manawa i ka hana ʻana o nā thermoplastics.Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā thermoplastics pāʻoihana e like me kā lākou hana ma ke ʻano he 'commodity' (hana haʻahaʻa, e like me PE, PP, PS a me PVC), 'Engineering' (e like me PC, nylon a me PET) a i ʻole 'advanced' (hana kiʻekiʻe loa, e like me nā polymers kristal wai (LCPs), polyphenylene sulphide (PPS) a me ka polyeheretherketone (PEEK)).ʻAʻole i hoʻokō ʻia ka ulu pahū i manaʻo ʻia i ka ʻenekinia a me nā polymers kiʻekiʻe.Ke ulu mau nei ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā plastics i nā makahiki he ʻekolu i hala iho nei, akā ʻo ka hapa nui i ka ʻāpana kūʻai.I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā polymers i ka ~ 88% o ka nui i hana ʻia, 3 plastics engineering ~ 12% a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 1%.ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā kumukūʻai o nā polymers kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā polymers waiwai, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kā lākou waiwai honua i ka hoʻokele waiwai.

He haʻahaʻa ka ikaika a me ka ʻoʻoleʻa i nā plastic plastics ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā metala a i ʻole nā ​​mea seramika, a ke ʻano nei lākou e hōʻike i ke kolo ma lalo o ka ikaika i hoʻohana ʻia.Loaʻa iā lākou nā palena wela i ko lākou hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he paʻa (ka hapa nui o ka heheʻe ma ka laulā 100–250°C).ʻO ka moduli tensile o nā plastic commodity he ~ 1 GPa (hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 210 GPa no ke kila).Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o Signi-Ž ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā kaulahao polymer.ʻOiaʻiʻo, ikaika loa nā paʻa kalapona- kalapona, a ua hana ʻia nā polyethylene Ž lament hoʻokahi me nā waiwai modulus ma mua o ko ke kila.Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻonohonoho kiʻekiʻe e nā ʻenehana hana kūikawā, no ka laʻana extrusion a me ke kaha kiʻi ma hope o nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.I ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ka neʻe ʻana o nā kaulahao polymer, a mau ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana ma hope o ke kau ʻana.ʻO nā mea i ʻike hou ʻia a me nā hoʻomohala ʻana o ka pae hoʻokahi, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe metallocene i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka hopena i nā māka hou o nā polymers waiwai i hoʻomalu i ka hoʻolālā molekala me nā waiwai i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia.

Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hana honua o nā polymers 3 mai 27 miliona tons i ka makahiki 1975 a hiki i ~200 miliona tons i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma 2000 a ke ulu mau nei.Wahi a kekahi hōʻike i hala iho nei, ua kūʻai aku ʻo 4 i nā huahana plastics ma USA i ka makahiki 2000 i $330 biliona, a ua kūʻai ʻia nā ʻoihana hoʻolako upstream he $90 biliona, e lawe ana i ka huina makahiki he $420 biliona.ʻO ka nui o ka hana i manaʻo ʻia he 2 .4 miliona - ma kahi o 2% o ka poʻe limahana US.ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻoihana polymer he hopena ia o ka hui kūʻokoʻa o nā waiwai o nā huahana plastik, ʻo ia hoʻi ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana a me ka hana ʻana, nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, ka uila a me ka wela wela, a me ka rigidity a me ka paʻakikī i kēlā me kēia paona.