ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā plastic polymer biodegradable, nā plastik biodegradable he ʻano hou me ka hana o ka degradation o nā mea polymer, i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaʻina hana, pili ia me ke ʻano like o ka plastic maʻamau me ke olakino kūpono a me ka hana noi kūpono, a Ma hope o kāna hana piha, hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa koke ʻia ka mea i loko o nā kūlana kūlohelohe e maʻalahi e hāʻawi ʻia i nā ʻāpana kaiapuni a i ʻoki ʻia paha, a me ka hala ʻana o ka manawa e lilo ai ka degradation i nā huahana oxidation (CO2 a me ka wai), hoʻi i ke ʻano.
Hoʻomohala a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka biodegradablepolimer plastik, ʻO nā plastic biodegradable kahi ʻano hou me ka hana o ka degradation o nā mea polymer, i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaʻina hana, pili ia me ke ʻano like o ka plastic maʻamau me ke olakino kūpono a me ka hana noi kūpono, a ma hope o kāna hana piha, ka mea. hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa koke ʻia i loko o ke kaiapuni kūlohelohe nā kūlana e maʻalahi i ka hāʻawi ʻia ʻana i nā ʻāpana kaiapuni a i ʻoki ʻia paha, a me ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, lilo ka degradation hou i nā huahana oxidation (CO2 a me ka wai), hoʻi i ke ʻano.
Ma muli o ka haumia o ke kaiapuni i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ʻōpala palaka, a me ke koi ʻana i ka pale o ke kaiapuni a me nā pono o ke kanaka, pono ia e aʻo i nā mea polymer degradable.I kekahi manawa a ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana kaiapuni, e loli ke ʻano kemika o nā plastic biodegradable.Wahi a nā kumu o ka hoʻololi ʻana i kāna ʻano kemika, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā plastic biodegradable i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: biodegradable plastics a me photodegradable plastics.
1. ʻO ka hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa o nā plastic degradable
ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo ka plastic degradable e pili ana i kahi ʻano plastic i hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā molekole liʻiliʻi ma o ka hana ʻana o nā microorganisms i ka lepo a i ʻole radiation lā. nā waiwai biodegradable.ʻO ke ʻano o ka hana o ka lā ma nā mea polymer ka hopena piha o ka kukui ultraviolet i ka lā a me ka oxygen i ka ea, no laila ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka degradation photooxidation.E lawe i ka polyolefin i laʻana e wehewehe i ke ʻano o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa photooxidation.ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ka photooxidation ke kumu o ka uhaki ʻana a i ʻole ka crosslinking o nā polymers, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia kekahi mau pūʻulu hana o ka oxygen, e like me ka carboxylic acids, peroxides, ketones a me nā waiʻona.ʻO nā koena catalyst i nā polymers a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka peroxide a me nā hui carboxyl i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka wā o ka hana ʻana ke kumu nui o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa.
Ma lalo o ka hana a nā microorganisms (ʻoi aku ka nui o nā fungi, bacteria a algae, etc.), hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia a hoʻololi ʻia paha nā polymers i mea e hoʻololi ai i kā lākou hana kemika a hoʻemi i ke kaumaha molekala.Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke ʻano o ka hana i ʻelua mau kūlana:
(1) hana biophysical.ʻO ia hoʻi, ma hope o ka pau ʻana o nā huahana plastik e nā microorganisms, ulu ʻia nā cell biological, hoʻoikaika i ka decomposition o polymers, ionization a i ʻole proton, ʻo kēia hana kino ma ka polymer i hoʻopōʻino i ka mechanical, ke kaumaha mole kiʻekiʻe o ka polymer i nā ʻāpana oligomer, i mea e e hoʻokō i ke kumu o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa kino.
(2) hana biochemical — hana pololei o nā enzymes.Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia kūlana ma muli o ka pau ʻana o nā enzyme i hūnā ʻia e nā fungi a i ʻole bacteria, e alakaʻi ana i ka māhele a i ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe oxidative o nā plastics, a ke kumu i ka wāwahi a i ʻole ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o nā polymers insoluble i loko o nā ʻāpana hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, e hana ana i nā pūhui molekala liʻiliʻi hou (CH4, CO2 a me H2O) a hiki i ka palaho hope loa.
ʻElua mau kuhiakau e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka biodegradation o nā mea polymer e alakaʻi ai i ka biodegradation.ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe he ʻoki invasive mai ka hopena o ke kaulahao.No laila, ʻo nā ʻano waiwai o nā mea, e like me ka haku mele ʻana, ka nui a me ka ʻaoʻao o ke kaulahao ʻaoʻao, ka nui o nā pūʻulu hopena, a me ka hele ʻana a i ʻole ka haʻalele ʻana o ke kūpaʻa steric spatial, ʻo ia nā kumu nui e pili ana i kā lākou hana degradation.I waena o lākou, ʻoi aku ka hopena o nā waiwai kaulahao nui.Inā loaʻa i ke kaulahao nui o ka polymer nā paʻa i maʻalahi i ka hydrolyzed, e maʻalahi ka biodegraded.ʻO ka lua, inā maʻalahi ka iwi kuamoʻo, e wikiwiki ana ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana, akā inā ʻoʻoleʻa a hoʻonohonoho pono ka iwi kuamoʻo, e lohi ka hōʻemi ʻana.
Hoʻemi ʻia ka biodegradability o nā mea polymer e ka lālā a me ka crosslinking.No ka laʻana, hiki i ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā pūʻulu hydrophobic i ka pau ʻana o ka polylactic acid (PLA) molecular chain hiki ke hōʻemi i ka nui o ka erosion ma ka pae mua o ka degradation.ʻO kēia no ka mea ma ke kaʻina hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa mua, hilinaʻi nui ka erosion o PLA i ke ʻano o ka pau ʻana o ke kaulahao mole, a ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā pūʻulu hydrophobic e alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka erosion.Eia kekahi, ua aʻo kekahi poʻe noiʻi i ke ʻano kemika o nā polymers a me ke kaumaha molekala pili o nā mea i hana nui i ko lākou hōʻino ʻana.
2. Hoʻomohala ʻana i nā plastic biodegradable
ʻO ke kuhikuhi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā plastic biodegradable i ka wā e hiki mai ana penei:
(1) Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā plastic biodegradable ma ke aʻo ʻana i ke ʻano biodegradation o nā polymers degradable, a ua aʻo ʻia a hoʻomohala ʻia ka copolymerization poloka o nā plastic biodegradable me nā polymers maʻamau, microbial polymers a me nā polymers maoli.
(2) e ʻimi i nā microorganisms hiki ke hana i nā plastic polymer, e ʻimi i nā polymers hou, e ʻimi i kā lākou hana synthesis me ka kikoʻī, e hoʻomaikaʻi i kā lākou huahana ma o nā ʻano hana a me nā ʻano ʻenekini genetic, a e aʻo i nā ʻano kūpono o ka mahi ʻana i nā microorganism.
(3) e hoʻolohe i ka mana o ka degradation rate, e hoʻomohala i nā mea hoʻolaha degradation maikaʻi a me nā stabilizers e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana biodegradation o nā plastic degradable, hoʻemi i kā lākou kumukūʻai, a hoʻonui i ka noi mākeke.
(4) noiʻi a hoʻokumu i ka wehewehe ʻana o nā plastic degradable, hoʻonui a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano loiloi o ka biodegradation, a hoʻomaopopo hou i ke ʻano hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻAukake-13-2019